Impacts Of Climate Change On Coastal Areas Environmental Sciences Essay

Impacts Of Climate Change On Coastal Areas Environmental Sciences Essay An increase or decrease in the temperature for a long time has negative effects on the coastal areas (Moser, 2000). Global warming in the biggest environmental issue which posses stress and pressure to the coast leading to floods and erosions (Shaw, 2002). Tropical or winter storms can grow to dangerous coastal storms, making the surface of the water fiercer (Forces of nature, 2000). Higher temperature levels in the climate increases the temperature of the water, increasing the risk of low oxygen conditions threatening fish stocks and other marine organisms (David, Gordon, 2007). Global warming, high temperature level and coastal storms require more consideration and a better solution is needed to overcome these to protect the coast and the earth from being submerged. In 2002, Jane S. Shaw, stated that global warming manifest of being the most dangerous environmental issue as it has the ability to affect the entire earth and the whole world depends on it. Global warming warms the earth due to the excess of carbon in the atmosphere (Cunnigham, Cunningham, Saigo, Bailey, Shrubsole, 2005). The oceans job is to keep the planets carbon dioxide levels in balance or equilibrium but the problem now is that with so much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels, the oceans, like the air are getting warmer (David, Gordon, 2007). When the oceanic water becomes warmer than usual, it leads to thermal expansion; water molecules move faster and become farther apart, occupying more space (Stein, 2001). Cold seawater absorbs more carbon dioxide than warm seawater, therefore if carbon dioxide emissions continue to rise; the oceans will simply be too warm to take as much carbon dioxide as they have been (David, Gordon, 2007). In the North and Sou th poles, ice and snow reflect away solar radiation from the earths surface because of their bright white color. Higher temperatures make the ice and snow reflect less sunlight, making the earth warmer (Stein, 2001). Increase in the temperature can melt the ice sheets into the oceans (Shaw, 2002). If the Greenland ice sheets melts completely, it will add enough water to raise levels all across the world by 21 feet (6.4m) (David, Gordon, 2007). In 2007, David and Gordon observed that in the last 100 years, global sea levels have risen 8 inches (20cm). When the sea level rises, there is an increased threat of floods and erosion (Stein, 2002). When there is too much carbon dioxide in the air, the sea takes up the slack, soaking up the extra carbon dioxide like a gigantic sponge (David, Gordon, 2007). In general, the warming of the earth does not lead to either positive or profitable consequences. Global warming only contributes to negative ends and destroys the globe slowly. Melting of the ice sheets is not a good sign for the earth and actions towards global warming needs to be enforced to be able to prevent the ice sheets from melting and raising the level of the oceans. This picture of the graph shows increase in the sea level rise from 1850 to 2100 and it is predicted that the sea level will rise up to 20 inches till 2050 due to thermal expansion and the melting of ice sheets (Sea level rise, 2010). There are approximately one billion people who live in coastal areas (David, Gordon, 2007). Even small levels in the sea rise can be dangerous for small islands (Shaw, 2002). Urban areas built near sea level like New York, Boston, Washington, and Miami can be at risk because of flooding (Moser, 2000). The rise in sea increases the risk of coastal flooding from rainstorms, because low areas drain more slowly as sea level rises (Climate change health, 2010). The coastal storms become more dangerous when the wind and waves drive water farther inland than ever before (Stein, 2001). Coastal storms cause a lot of damage in coastal areas, resulting in flooding and mudslides (Moser, 2000). Industrialized countries such as United States and Europe might be able to cope with the dangers related to sea level rise but other poor countries might not (Shaw, 2002). The increase in sea level poses as threat to properties, infrastructures, coastal industries, coastal and marine ecosystems (Moser, 20 00). Because of tropical or winter storms the ocean waves intensifies on the open ocean and these storms make the surface of the water much choppier and fiercer than normal which affects the beaches ( Forces of nature, 2000). There is tremendous loss of money when recreational areas near beaches get affected due to beach erosion (Moser, 2000). Hundreds of cities are built near the sea level and there is a lot of money involved in the development of these cities. If erosion occurs, these areas will flood. Poor countries cannot even afford to prevent floods or help people living along the coastal areas, therefore they need to protect the environment and come up with all the possible, economical ways to reduce catastrophic weather change. Rising sea temperature is considered to be the largest threat to coral reefs today (mangroves for the, 2007). The mangroves for the in 2007 also stated that when there is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the seawater, it will lead to ocean acidification reducing calcification rates of calcifying organisms such as corals. Corals and all shellfish need a certain level of calcium in order to make their hard shells; but higher acidity hits the delicate balance of calcium in the water, reducing the amount available to coral and shellfish to build their protective skeletons (David, Gordon, 2007). Disintegration of degraded reefs following bleaching or reduced classification may result in increased wave energy across reef flats with potential for shoreline erosion (mangroves for the, 2007). When water temperature rise, the algae cannot photosynthesize, the chemical reaction that converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into sugars is blocked and the coral losses its source of color and turns white, almost as if it grown old overnight (David, Gordon, 2007). There is limited ecological and genetic evidence for adaptation of corals to warmer conditions (mangroves for the, 2007). Bleached corals becomes weaker and more vulnerable to disease, predators and storms, it is becoming a pretty feeble hideout for exotic fish (David, Gordon, 2007). Many reefs are affected by tropical cyclones, impacts range from minor breakage of fragile corals to destruction of the majority of corals on a reef and deposition of debris as coarse storm ridges (mangroves for the, 2007). Coastal storms pollute the water due to sediments and pollutants with higher runoff (David, Gordon, 2007). Coastal ecosystems, especially mangroves forests and coral reefs act as buffers against extreme weather conditions and natural disasters, thereby reducing the vulnerability of coastal communities and their investments (mangroves for the, 2007). As stated earlier, the change in the climate can rise the sea level which enables living organisms that live in the ocean from performing daily normal tasks and they eventually die. The ocean is a very big ecosystem for millions of organisms and they are all connected with each other, the removal of one specie from the food chain can really affect the other species. The corals act as an important factor in the ocean and therefore they need to be protected and the sea level and pH needs to be balanced so that the corals are not bleached or affected. Preventative measurements need to be taken toward the coastal areas because a lot of lives can be affected if precautions are not taken. Numerous amounts of projects as well as investments are trying to save the earth from being submerged. The mangroves for the future (MFF) launched a project whose objective is to strengthen the environmental sustainability of coastal development and promote sound investment in costal ecosystem management as a means of enhancing resilience and supporting local livelihoods (mangroves for the, 2007). There are approximately a number of 200 million people who live across the world in high risk coastal flooding areas, (how to prevent, 2010) and this MFF project might be able to help them. These projects require a lot of money to be able to put in action, long term erosion defense and repair requires millions of dollars and requires the participation of a lot of members (how to prevent, 2010). The MFF supports and endorses the concept of REDD (reducing em issions from deforestation and ecosystem degradation) as a result of climate change and mitigation option (mangroves for the, 2007). There are preventative measures being taken to protect the low-lying coastal areas against damage from tidal inundation through the construction of embankments capable of withstanding the anticipated storm surge height and forces (disaster preventation and, 1999). These types of protection will decrease the amount of force in the tides and might prevent the beaches from getting a disastrous damage. The buildings of seawalls, barrier islands and beach nourishment can also protect the coast from the climate change impact (how to do, 2010). Barrier island is a piece of land that is made up of sand and it prevents the coastal storms from damaging the mainland of the island (Paris). The strength of coastal storms changes the shape and the form of the islands and causes erosion of the dunes and can completely destroy the dune system if it is severe (Paris). One of the most dangerous effects on earth is global warming. Global warming comes with enormous amounts of complexity and dangers for the globe. The impacts of this threat needs to be reduced so that it does not damage the earth and therefore every single individual need to live greener. There are multiple ways through which global warming can be reduce. People need to be more energy efficient and they can do so by turning their appliances off when its not required, insulating their house, making their lifestyle greener by reducing the use of vehicles and by educating future generations (prevent climate change, 2010). These small steps can add up at the end and make a big change on the climate.

Marketing Institute of Singapore (MIS) Essay

Organization Analysis – Assignment (40%) Culture and Mechanistic An organisation’s culture is not imposed but develops through social interaction. Critically evaluate this statement in relation to the Culture and Mechanistic perspectives. Introduction Every organization relies on its resources to manage and run the business. There are four typical types of resources – Human resource, financial resource, physical resource and technical resource. The ultimate challenge is achieving the organizational goals effectively and efficiently through careful planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of the organizational resources. When the resources are managed well, the business will grow, generate more opportunities and increase productivity. The culture of a company leads the company to its goals. Culture can be managed or left unmanaged depending on the mindset of the leaders of the organization. Culture Perspective Culture is existent in any society. Culture is the learned characteristics of a particular group of people. It can be defined by everything from the language they speak, religion, cuisine, social habits and lifestyle. Culture is developed through the way people grow and socialize in their environment. http://www.studymode.com/subjects/types-of-resources-in-an-organization-page1.html http://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html

Un-Answered Questions Into Persuasive Essay Samples 500 Word Uncovered

Un-Answered Questions Into Persuasive Essay Samples 500 Word Uncovered Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Persuasive Essay Samples 500 Word You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some additional recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. The introduction ought to be catchy and concise since it is the window to your viewpoint. Needless to say, everything depends upon a topic you select and your capacity to find all the essential information quickly. Use the aid of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! 1 thing about a persuasive script is that you ought to have the ability to produce tips that will help you develop a visible position and you will also need to write on what you think that will gather substantiations to win over the confidence of your readers. No matter your plans after, being a very good writer and very clear thinker will provide you with a leg up your competition. In the majority of instances, you want to develop a topic which will allow other people to realize your standpoint, and telling them to feel that what you write is true. If you've already graduated from college or university and are trying to find a fantastic job, you want to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. Irrespective of how familiar the topic might seem, always study the field in general and get started searching for proof to back up your claims. As you most likely know, not every topic is simple to write about. Dependent on the format, each topic needs to be elaborated in a precise method. To the contrary, you might not have been provided a specific topic in the slightest. The justification has to be compelling and it has to make sense. In addition, a thesis doesn't need to be one sentence. If you write down words that they don't understand and which you cannot give justifications to them, be certain to get challenges that you couldnot support. From time to time, refuting the counterargument can be equally as persuasive as your real argument. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Persuasive Essay Samples 500 Word You also have to understand how to compose a persuasive essay, namely how to organize sections of the persuasive essay in how that will do the job best. Thus picking a superior convincing essay issue becomes extremely important whether you decide to create an opinion. In an issue of speaking, picking out persuasive essay topics is similar to telling yourself what you need to convey to the rest of earth. Try out these instructions about how to compose a persuasive essay. The relevant facts and quotes can be added within the body together with the concrete information. When picking out persuasive essay topics to write about, it would be better to stick to your very own personal opinions so you are going to have a definite idea on what things to put in it. You ought to make sure you're very interested in the topic before you may persuade others about it. Always make certain that you cite your sources. If you're sufficiently passionate about persuading your reader the odds are you will succeed. Assume that the reader doesn't know anything about the problem. Know you could convince your readers to back up your place in the essay using three distinct techniques. More likely, your reader is going to want to keep reading your essay to discover your opinion. When you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin trying to find a proper writer for your paper. Don't worry, help from a web-based essay writing service is readily available now. There are various types of essays and largely depend on just what the writer would like to convey. Nowadays it is extremely difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Naturally, following it to the T won't necessarily get you the outcomes you desire. A few of the negatives effects are harm, inadequate performance in various activities, and sometimes even health issues. There are several topics in which you'll need to demonstrate your power of persuasion. You need to supply sample scenarios, along with other details to drive your point home. One other important issue is the caliber of information used to train predictive models. Your research that helped you comprehend the issue and produce a solution required that you fully grasp the justification for the solution. In a Proposal to address an issue, it is necessary to spell out the issue specifically and globally. The issue is when a single component of a remedy is singled out for discussion beyond the context of rest of the plan.

Kristallnacht Reflection - 987 Words

The Holocaust was a horrific time period. It all started around 1933 when Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Hitler used the Nuremberg Race Laws to deprive the Jews of their German citizenship. Kristallnacht, which is a government-organized pogrom against Jews in Germany was the start of the mistreatment of Jews in their homes and synagogues. Holocaust survivors like Elie Wiesel shared their stories to provide more insight into what actually happened during this time. Elie Wiesel was 15 at the beginning of his Holocaust experience. The Holocaust was a time of devastation for millions of Jews. The Nazis went to the Jews’ homes and told them to start packing their bags. They were getting ready to send the Jews away from their†¦show more content†¦They were either going to burn in the crematory or go into the gas chambers. The German society was very wicked towards the Jews. There was a hidden reason behind the Nazis moving the Jews from camp to camp, separatin g their families, and beating or killing any Jews who make a mistake. â€Å"The evidence shows that in the early days of their accession to power, the Nazis in Germany set out to build a society in which there simply would be no more room for Jews.† (Wiesel, viii) They also state that, â€Å"It is obvious that the war which Hitler and his accomplices waged was a war not only against Jewish men, women, and children, but also against Jewish religion, Jewish culture, Jewish tradition, therefore Jewish memory.† (Wiesel, viii) This shows just how badly the Nazis wanted to kill the Jews. They made them work and then decided to kill them off. In the end they got their wish when â€Å"while watching their friends and neighbors fall dead all around them,† when there were many who started dying off. (Wiesel) The whole purpose for their mistreatment towards the Jews was because they simply didn’t want them there. They wanted to be ruler over them and their populat ion. Elie Wiesel decided to write this book to tell his story about his Holocaust experience. Elie wanted to spread the message that the other Jews couldn’t. He stated that his reasonShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of High Holy Day By Jane Shore815 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"High Holy Days† is a poem in which the author, Jane Shore, conveys the emergence of an innocent youth into a cruel and anti-Semitic world. It is told from a point of reflection on a childhood memory but as if it was presently occurring. This poem primarily focuses on Judaism along with the prejudice experienced by the Jewish community. The speaker is characterized as a child on the cusp of a transition in maturity and attitude. This plays a key role in understanding the text. While the speakerRead MoreCultural Memory Of The Holocaust1785 Words   |  8 Pagespopulations a very high percentage of Jews have won noble peach prizes including Albert Einstien. When it comes to history and literature we can all agree that they are both very important and just as important as the other. Literature is a reflection of a certain place and time in history. We can all agree to that and history tells the story of the past but literature can give us a picture of the past. It can show us how people dressed, wore their hair, how they lived and the type of car theyRead MoreThe Boundaries Of Compassion By Bernhard Schlink2415 Words   |  10 Pagestakes up reading to her, but nonetheless Hanna always kept us at an arm’s length. As he comes of age, Michal realized the inherent disjuncture between human thoughts and behavior, and their independent developments. Our thoughts are not always a reflection of our behavior. An aspiring law student, Michal shoplifted gifts for Hanna and found it astonishingly easy. First impression we get of Hanna is of an emotionally unavailable woman who knows what she wants and gets it regardless of consequencesRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust3420 Words   |  14 Pagessynagogues vandalised 7500 Jewish businesses and houses across Germany. This became known as Kristallnacht or the ‘Night of Broken Glass.’ While there is no doubt that this was arranged by the Nazis, Hitler claimed that it was a spontaneous attack by the German people and that it demonstrated the depth of anti-Jewish feeling. The Nazi party was widely criticised in the international press as a result of Kristallnacht. During the Second World War (1939-9145), the Nazis implemented their â€Å"final solution,†Read More Roots of Anti-Semitism Essay5756 Words   |  24 PagesLIGHT TO THE GENTILES, TO OPEN THE EYES OF THE BLIND, AND TO BRING FORTH FROM THEIR FATHERS THOSE THAT ARE BOUND AND THOSE THAT SIT IN DARKNESS OUT OF THE PRISON HOUSE†¦quot; (quot;Epistle of Barnabasquot;) I believe the letter of Barnabas are a reflection of Exodus 32. The writer of the letters explain in detail how God and Moses were extremely upset with their people because they were too impatient to wait for the writings of the Lord. The Letters of Barnabas takes this out of context and uses this

Finding One´s Self, Though Society´s Values Want to Shape Us

One’s everyday life is all too often a drab and boring one, simply following a schedule as one has always done. In these circumstances, it is all too easy to simply go with the flow and become self- centered, losing sight of oneself in the process. However, it is important that one stops and finds oneself and throw off society’s values, what David Foster Wallace calls â€Å"the default setting†. Joseph Campbell, a former mythologist, writer, and lecturer, talked a lot about finding oneself. In an interview titled â€Å"The Power of Myth†, Campbell explains that the inability to find oneself is â€Å"the threat to our lives†¦ Is the system going to flatten you out and deny you your humanity, or are you going to be able to make use of the system for the attainment of human purposes.† If one is unable to find oneself, one becomes nothing more than a product of the system and loses their individuality. And the only way to beat the system is to find oneself by throwing off the values of the system and finding our own. When one has done this, one is able to find oneself and begin to change the world, a change only possible once one has changed oneself first. Another author, Tom Robbins, also discusses the importance of breaking with the values of society in order to find oneself. In his essay â€Å"In Defiance of Gravity†, Robbins writes about what is called â€Å"Crazy Wisdom,† which is wisdom that â€Å"deliberately swims against the current in order to avoid being swept along in itsShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Social Media On Female Body Image1717 Words   |  7 Pagesstruggle with their own self image: â€Å"Yes, they’re also victims of the media. I’ve worked with models whose names you’d know based on how popular they are, and they’ve had to lie in bed for 20 minutes in the morning repeating to themselves, â€Å"I am worthy to get up† because they think they’re ugly and they’re depressed and suicidal. Other people look at them and say, â€Å"Wow, they must have a good life,† but they have no idea what these women deal with everyday.† Even the ones who are exposed by theRead MoreHow Should Wealth Be Defined?1419 Words   |  6 PagesWealth Be Defined? Who do you consider wealthy? If you’re like most people, you would probably name the most famous billionaire you can think of. That would be a very natural reaction for most Americans. Largely due to our nation’s history, most U. S. citizens associate the word, wealthy, with having lots of money. In fact, the word, wealth, has become almost synonymous with the word, money, in recent decades. But can that passive assumption be considered accurate? 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We have all had experience of being unsure or mistaken about something: you think it s Wednesday when it is actually Thursday; you wonder whether he was wearing a red shirt or yellow yesterday. Sceptics argue that it is impossible to be certain about anything, arguing that if we can be deceived about such simple things, who can say that

As Computing Mark Scheme Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2009 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9691 COMPUTING 9691/01 Paper 1 (Written Paper 1), maximum raw mark 90 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. We will write a custom essay sample on As Computing Mark Scheme or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. †¢ CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2009 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 2 1 (a) Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 (i) To allow the user to give the computer data/change data into computer understandable form (ii) To allow the computer to give information/communicate with the computer/to change information from computer into human understandable form (iii) To keep data while the computer is not using it (1 per dotty) [3] (b) -Black and white laser -e. g. Use in office to produce letters -Produces high quality/speedy so does not develop large queue on a LAN -Colour laser -e. g. To produce reports for a meeting -High quality outputs/can produce large quantity quickly -Dot Matrix – e. g. Print receipts at checkout/tickets on railway -Produces more than one copy at a time, one for customer + one for shop -Inkjet -e. g. Doing homework at home -Relatively cheap and slowness does not matter -Plotter -e. g. Produce architect’s plans -Precision drawing tool -Braille printer -Producing documents/books for blind people -Outputs physical/3D form of data (3 per type, max 3 types, max 9) 2 (a) (i) Name: Text/String/alpha/alphanumeric Description: Text/String/alpha/alphanumeric Cost: Currency/integer/real/float Whether: Boolean Number: Integer (1 for first three, 1 for last 2) (ii) Field Sizes: 10 50 4 1 1 66 – 50 – 250 – 8 – 4 – 313 bytes (1) [9] [2] Total (1) for showing that the field sizes should be added up Multiply Total by 1000 (1) = 66000 to 313000 bytes Add extra (10%) for overheads (1) = 72600 to 344300 bytes Convert to sensible unit (? 024) (1) = 70. 9Kb to 344. 3Kb. (5 possible mark points, max 4) [4]  © UCLES 2009 Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 (b) Advantage: -Processed/Searched more easily/quickly/Estimate of file size is easier -e. g. When a customer wants to kn ow the availability of an item the record can be found quickly/makes selection of storage easier Disadvantage: -The size of fields must be determined before use so space is often wasted/not sufficient -e. g. The â€Å"description† field may not be large enough for a particular item. 1 per -, max 4) [4] 3 -Working from home -Fewer journeys/more free time/less supervision†¦ -Different types of jobs/jobs lost/job opportunities arising -Production line/manual jobs being lost/replaced by more technical jobs -Work done can be more visible to managers -All work/times working can be seen/leading to rewards where appropriate/sanctions when poor effort -Safety of workers is improved -Computers/robots do dangerous tasks/can be used to accurately monitor dangerous processes -Work time can be less rigid -Work can be fitted in round other commitments/leads to simpler ways of job sharing -The 24 hour job/office/commitment/world workforce -Workers may always be contactable/throughout th e world/communications. (Up to 2 per group, max 3 groups, max 6) [6] (a) Line X A OUTPUT CONDITION 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1,1 5 2 1 6 2 1 TRUE 3 2 4 4 2 4 2,4 5 3 4 6 3 4 FALSE 7 3 4 (1 for values of X and matching line numbers; 1 for values of A corresponding to values of X; 1 for giving correct outputs; 1 for giving 2 conditions) [4] (b) (i) Change X = 3 to X = 11 (ii) -A first line to allow user to input value (N) -UNTIL X = (N + 1) [1] [2] 4  © UCLES 2009 Page 4 (c) e. g. Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 X=5 REPEAT A=X*X OUTPUT X, A X=X+5 UNTIL X = 25 END Mark points: -Begins with 5 (as first output) -Loop with working condition -Counter correctly incremented 5 (a) (i) -Options appear on screen from which to select -Selection may lead to submenus -Menus arranged in a tree structure (from single root to many branches) Use: In a passive information system e. g. Tourist guide at a train station. (1 for use, + 2 other -, max 3) [3] [3] (ii) -Follows a spoken language allowing user to input queries in normal vocabulary/syntax -Computer understands keywords/positions in sentence to get idea of syntax -Will then search database for keyword to provide output or responses. Use: e. g. On an expert system or search engine. 1 for use, + 2 other -, max 3) [3] (b) -Provides utility programs to allow user to carry out maintenance tasks (any 3) -Provides security measures like passwords and identifications. -Controls the hardware and the operations they allow. -Provides translators to convert softwa re into a form useable by the computer. -Manages interrupts. -To provide a platform for the execution of software (1 per -, max 3) 6 (a) (i) Data is transmitted along a single wire/one bit at a time. (ii) Data is transmitted along a number of wires/one byte (or more) at a time. (iii) Data can only be transmitted in a single direction. (iv) Data can be transmitted in both directions but only one at a time. (b) (i) -Each byte contains an even number of 1’s -A special bit is set to 0 or 1 to ensure that total is even. Byte is checked for even number of 1’s after transmission. (1 per -, max 2) (ii) -When two bits are in error the errors cancel each other out/10101001. [3] [1] [1] [1] [1] [2] [1]  © UCLES 2009 Page 5 7 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 -Data collected on site/by drilling /observation/explosions -Data collected remotely/by satellite/by electronic means -Collected data input to system via HCI/ automatically -Data input is compared to library of data to find matches†¦ -by inference engine†¦ -Using rules found in rule base -Decisions made about geologic structure reported through HCI. (1 per -, max 4) [4] 8 a) -Site map -a diagram showing the way the different screens fit together -shows the links between screens, -Gantt chart/progress chart -shows the different parts that need to be developed -shows which parts of the development are independent and which are reliant on each other. -Spider diagram -to show interaction between the different elements of the solution -and those parts which are independent of each other. -Flow diagram -to show the order of producing the parts of the solution -or to show the flow through the proposed site. (Up to 2 groups, up to 2 per group, max 4) [4] (b) -Documentation for owner of site -will be paper based -will contain instructions for changing/maintaining site -Documentation for viewer/visitor to site -will be on-screen -giving d etailed help on searches/use of facilities/communication with site owner†¦ [4] 9 -Sound -Music to accompany the pictures/speech to explain the pictures†¦. Video/animation -Moving pictures to better describe the object on the site -Automatic hard copy/saving -Automatic downloading of data to printer/hard drive for future reference. -Hyperlinks -Allowing access to different sites/parts of site (Up to 2 groups, up to 2 per group, max 4) [4] 10 Colour: -Contrast -Corporate schemes -Aggressive/passive/soothing colour schemes -Consistency over site to make site look cohesive -Use colour to provide emphasis -Accessability issues e. g. colour blindness  © UCLES 2009 Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 Layout: -Consistent layout so user gets used to ‘what is where’. Important things to top and left -Data spread out across whole screen -Tab order -Group similar data together Content: -Limit to amoun t of content on a page -Content on a page is cohesive -Content matches the published intentions of the site -Content is of sensible type and reading age for audience. (1 per -, max 2 per group, max 6) [6] 11 -The bit rate is a measure of the rate that data can be sent across the communication medium -Different communication media have different bit rates -For simple text/still pictures†¦a low bit rate connection is adequate -because volume of data per page is low and fixed -For (live) video/sound†¦bit rate needs to be high -because large volume of data which must be downloaded in real time because†¦ -information is time sensitive. 1 per -, max 4) [4] 12 (a) (i) -Custom written software is especially written/according to the requirements of the customer -Off the shelf is readily available/needs tailoring to the needs of the customer [2] (ii) -no delay as it is ready immediately -No shortage of experienced users/ready trained/No learning curve -Software should be error free -Help available through Internet/colleagues/courses -Compatible with other users/software (1 per -, max 2) (b) (i) -Check data input to ensure it matches source data -Typed in twice†¦ -by different people/at different times -inputs checked against each other for errors -manual check by comparing†¦ -screen output of input with original document. (1 for first -, + any 2 other -, max 3) (ii) -Check data input is sensible/follows set rules/are reasonable -Data type/should be numeric -Data format/should be in currency form/xxx. xx -Length check/input should be x characters -Presence check/something has been input. -Range check/value between 0 and some upper limit (1 for first -, + any 2 other -, max 3) [2] [3] [3]  © UCLES 2009 How to cite As Computing Mark Scheme, Papers

Crohns Disease

Question: Discuss about theCrohns Disease. Answer: Introduction: Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can involve any segment of the digestive tract of human starting from mouth to the anus. However, Crohn's disease most frequently occurred at distal third of the small intestine and colon. Crohns disease is mainly characterized by transmural inflammation (Baumgart, 2012; Hendy and Hart, 2013). Based on the location, Crohns disease can be classified as Crohn's ileitis, Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease and Jejunoileitis which affects ileum, stomach initial segment of the small intestine and jejunum respectively. Based on the presentation, Crohn's disease can be classified as stricturing, penetrating, and inflammatory, which produces narrowing of bowl, fistulae and inflammation respectively (Baumgart, 2012; Hendy and Hart, 2013). Crohns disease can be inherited and about 20 % of the people with Crohns disease can have immediate relation with Crohns disease patient. Crohns disease occur more in male as compared to the female. In most of the cases Crohns disease occur mainly in the third decade of life. Among children, there is more prevalence of Crohns disease as compared to the ulcerative colitis. On an average incidence of Crohns disease occurred at 8-10:100,000 people throughout the world. Approximately 0.4 % people in Australia develop Crohns disease. Crohns disease is more prevalent in developed countries as compared to the developing countries (Spehlmann et al., 2008). Symptoms of Crohns consist of abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, flatulence, growth failure in children, bloating weight loss and fever. Other than digestive tract it produces effects like anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, eye inflammation, ankylosing spondylitis and bowl cancer (Baumgart, 2012; Hendy and Hart, 2013). Diagnostic tests of Crohns composed of blood test like C-reactive protein and stool tests, X-rays of upper and lower digestive tract using Barium. Two types of endoscopy i.e. colonoscopy thorough annus and upper endoscopy through mouth can be performed. Biopsy can be performed for the pathological examination. Small intestinal imaging techniques like fluoroscopic x-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging scan can also be used (Pawlowski et al., 2009). Treatment and management of Crohns disease includes lifestyle changes like smoking cessation and nutrition therapy like enteral and parenteral nutrition. Medications include anti-inflammatory drugs as first step like 5-aminosalicylates and corticosteroids, immune system suppressants to target immune system and also to reduce inflammation like azathiprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Agents like infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, natalizumab, vedolizumab and ustekinumab acting on cytokines and adhesion molecules of the immune system can also be used. Antibiotics like metronidazole and ciprofloxacin can be used along with other medicines to treat fistulas and abscesses. Other treatments for Crohns disease include anti-diarrheals, pain relievers, iron supplements, vitamin B-12, calcium and vitamin D. If above mentioned treatments dont improve symptoms, surgery is recommended in 50 % of total patients of Crohns disease (Pawlowski et al., 2009). Exact cause of Crohns disease is not known however, environmental factor like reactive oxygen species due to smoking, stress diet is mainly responsible for greater prevalence of Crohns disease. Other factors include like genetic factor such as NOD2 gene, deregulated immune system release of proinflammatory cytokines and microorganisms (Ng et al., 2012). In conclusion, prevalence of Cohns disease is increasing rapidly, early diagnosis is required and Cohns disease can be prevented dietary and lifestyle changes. Smoking cessation and exercise also helps to prevent Cohns disease. References: Baumgart, D.C. and Sandborn WJ. (2012). Crohns disease. Lancet, 380, 15901605. Hendy, P. and Hart, A. (2013). A review of crohns disease. European Medical Journal Gastroenterol, 1, 116-123. Ng, S.C., Woodrow, S., Patel, N., Subhani, J. and Harbord, M. (2012). Role of genetic and environmental factors in British twins with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 18, 72536. Pawlowski, S.W., Warren, C.A. and Guerrant, R. (2009). Diagnosis and treatment of acute or persistent diarrhea. Gastroenterology, 136, 187486. Spehlmann, M.E., Begun, A.Z., Burghardt, J., Lepage, P., Raedler, A. and Schreiber, S. (2008). Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in a German twin cohort: results of a nationwide study. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 14, 96876.