Finding One´s Self, Though Society´s Values Want to Shape Us

One’s everyday life is all too often a drab and boring one, simply following a schedule as one has always done. In these circumstances, it is all too easy to simply go with the flow and become self- centered, losing sight of oneself in the process. However, it is important that one stops and finds oneself and throw off society’s values, what David Foster Wallace calls â€Å"the default setting†. Joseph Campbell, a former mythologist, writer, and lecturer, talked a lot about finding oneself. In an interview titled â€Å"The Power of Myth†, Campbell explains that the inability to find oneself is â€Å"the threat to our lives†¦ Is the system going to flatten you out and deny you your humanity, or are you going to be able to make use of the system for the attainment of human purposes.† If one is unable to find oneself, one becomes nothing more than a product of the system and loses their individuality. And the only way to beat the system is to find oneself by throwing off the values of the system and finding our own. When one has done this, one is able to find oneself and begin to change the world, a change only possible once one has changed oneself first. Another author, Tom Robbins, also discusses the importance of breaking with the values of society in order to find oneself. In his essay â€Å"In Defiance of Gravity†, Robbins writes about what is called â€Å"Crazy Wisdom,† which is wisdom that â€Å"deliberately swims against the current in order to avoid being swept along in itsShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Social Media On Female Body Image1717 Words   |  7 Pagesstruggle with their own self image: â€Å"Yes, they’re also victims of the media. 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Scott Fitzgerald1407 Words   |  6 Pagesvictorious. Society was becoming more and more social and the economy was booming. Art, design, and especially architecture were becoming more modern due to the occurring Art Deco Movement. And many people had obtained or were close to obtaining their â€Å"American Dream.† In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald, through the use of his narrator Nick Carraway, a stock broker from the Midwest who is currently living in New York, describes the American Dream of Jay Gatsby a self-made millionaireRead MoreWhat Exam Really Say?1473 Words   |  6 Pagesneglected to do. Did I study enough that one chapter? Do I know enough about an idea I’m fuzzy to write about it? Time is limited and it’s often hard to balanc e our academic life, our studying habits, with other work-related and social demands. The three authors we will discuss, Howard Gardner, Joy Alonso, and Paul Goodman, all acknowledge that time is a crucial factor when it comes to examinations. But they take up a different perspective on how the value of time relative to examinations. KeepingRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Kilbourne s Killing Us Softly 4 Discussion At The Tedxlafayette Conference Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe long history of advertisement and its featured meanings have enduringly created the standards in society. The displays they entail create a desire for its viewers to conform to the images presented therefore denying the reality to achieve profit. From the choice of clothes, romantic relations, and even the structure of the frame, our decisions are tuned to what is displayed through these advertisements. 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We have all had experience of being unsure or mistaken about something: you think it s Wednesday when it is actually Thursday; you wonder whether he was wearing a red shirt or yellow yesterday. Sceptics argue that it is impossible to be certain about anything, arguing that if we can be deceived about such simple things, who can say that

As Computing Mark Scheme Free Essays

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2009 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9691 COMPUTING 9691/01 Paper 1 (Written Paper 1), maximum raw mark 90 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. We will write a custom essay sample on As Computing Mark Scheme or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. †¢ CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2009 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 2 1 (a) Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 (i) To allow the user to give the computer data/change data into computer understandable form (ii) To allow the computer to give information/communicate with the computer/to change information from computer into human understandable form (iii) To keep data while the computer is not using it (1 per dotty) [3] (b) -Black and white laser -e. g. Use in office to produce letters -Produces high quality/speedy so does not develop large queue on a LAN -Colour laser -e. g. To produce reports for a meeting -High quality outputs/can produce large quantity quickly -Dot Matrix – e. g. Print receipts at checkout/tickets on railway -Produces more than one copy at a time, one for customer + one for shop -Inkjet -e. g. Doing homework at home -Relatively cheap and slowness does not matter -Plotter -e. g. Produce architect’s plans -Precision drawing tool -Braille printer -Producing documents/books for blind people -Outputs physical/3D form of data (3 per type, max 3 types, max 9) 2 (a) (i) Name: Text/String/alpha/alphanumeric Description: Text/String/alpha/alphanumeric Cost: Currency/integer/real/float Whether: Boolean Number: Integer (1 for first three, 1 for last 2) (ii) Field Sizes: 10 50 4 1 1 66 – 50 – 250 – 8 – 4 – 313 bytes (1) [9] [2] Total (1) for showing that the field sizes should be added up Multiply Total by 1000 (1) = 66000 to 313000 bytes Add extra (10%) for overheads (1) = 72600 to 344300 bytes Convert to sensible unit (? 024) (1) = 70. 9Kb to 344. 3Kb. (5 possible mark points, max 4) [4]  © UCLES 2009 Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 (b) Advantage: -Processed/Searched more easily/quickly/Estimate of file size is easier -e. g. When a customer wants to kn ow the availability of an item the record can be found quickly/makes selection of storage easier Disadvantage: -The size of fields must be determined before use so space is often wasted/not sufficient -e. g. The â€Å"description† field may not be large enough for a particular item. 1 per -, max 4) [4] 3 -Working from home -Fewer journeys/more free time/less supervision†¦ -Different types of jobs/jobs lost/job opportunities arising -Production line/manual jobs being lost/replaced by more technical jobs -Work done can be more visible to managers -All work/times working can be seen/leading to rewards where appropriate/sanctions when poor effort -Safety of workers is improved -Computers/robots do dangerous tasks/can be used to accurately monitor dangerous processes -Work time can be less rigid -Work can be fitted in round other commitments/leads to simpler ways of job sharing -The 24 hour job/office/commitment/world workforce -Workers may always be contactable/throughout th e world/communications. (Up to 2 per group, max 3 groups, max 6) [6] (a) Line X A OUTPUT CONDITION 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1,1 5 2 1 6 2 1 TRUE 3 2 4 4 2 4 2,4 5 3 4 6 3 4 FALSE 7 3 4 (1 for values of X and matching line numbers; 1 for values of A corresponding to values of X; 1 for giving correct outputs; 1 for giving 2 conditions) [4] (b) (i) Change X = 3 to X = 11 (ii) -A first line to allow user to input value (N) -UNTIL X = (N + 1) [1] [2] 4  © UCLES 2009 Page 4 (c) e. g. Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 X=5 REPEAT A=X*X OUTPUT X, A X=X+5 UNTIL X = 25 END Mark points: -Begins with 5 (as first output) -Loop with working condition -Counter correctly incremented 5 (a) (i) -Options appear on screen from which to select -Selection may lead to submenus -Menus arranged in a tree structure (from single root to many branches) Use: In a passive information system e. g. Tourist guide at a train station. (1 for use, + 2 other -, max 3) [3] [3] (ii) -Follows a spoken language allowing user to input queries in normal vocabulary/syntax -Computer understands keywords/positions in sentence to get idea of syntax -Will then search database for keyword to provide output or responses. Use: e. g. On an expert system or search engine. 1 for use, + 2 other -, max 3) [3] (b) -Provides utility programs to allow user to carry out maintenance tasks (any 3) -Provides security measures like passwords and identifications. -Controls the hardware and the operations they allow. -Provides translators to convert softwa re into a form useable by the computer. -Manages interrupts. -To provide a platform for the execution of software (1 per -, max 3) 6 (a) (i) Data is transmitted along a single wire/one bit at a time. (ii) Data is transmitted along a number of wires/one byte (or more) at a time. (iii) Data can only be transmitted in a single direction. (iv) Data can be transmitted in both directions but only one at a time. (b) (i) -Each byte contains an even number of 1’s -A special bit is set to 0 or 1 to ensure that total is even. Byte is checked for even number of 1’s after transmission. (1 per -, max 2) (ii) -When two bits are in error the errors cancel each other out/10101001. [3] [1] [1] [1] [1] [2] [1]  © UCLES 2009 Page 5 7 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 -Data collected on site/by drilling /observation/explosions -Data collected remotely/by satellite/by electronic means -Collected data input to system via HCI/ automatically -Data input is compared to library of data to find matches†¦ -by inference engine†¦ -Using rules found in rule base -Decisions made about geologic structure reported through HCI. (1 per -, max 4) [4] 8 a) -Site map -a diagram showing the way the different screens fit together -shows the links between screens, -Gantt chart/progress chart -shows the different parts that need to be developed -shows which parts of the development are independent and which are reliant on each other. -Spider diagram -to show interaction between the different elements of the solution -and those parts which are independent of each other. -Flow diagram -to show the order of producing the parts of the solution -or to show the flow through the proposed site. (Up to 2 groups, up to 2 per group, max 4) [4] (b) -Documentation for owner of site -will be paper based -will contain instructions for changing/maintaining site -Documentation for viewer/visitor to site -will be on-screen -giving d etailed help on searches/use of facilities/communication with site owner†¦ [4] 9 -Sound -Music to accompany the pictures/speech to explain the pictures†¦. Video/animation -Moving pictures to better describe the object on the site -Automatic hard copy/saving -Automatic downloading of data to printer/hard drive for future reference. -Hyperlinks -Allowing access to different sites/parts of site (Up to 2 groups, up to 2 per group, max 4) [4] 10 Colour: -Contrast -Corporate schemes -Aggressive/passive/soothing colour schemes -Consistency over site to make site look cohesive -Use colour to provide emphasis -Accessability issues e. g. colour blindness  © UCLES 2009 Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version GCE A/AS LEVEL – May/June 2009 Syllabus 9691 Paper 01 Layout: -Consistent layout so user gets used to ‘what is where’. Important things to top and left -Data spread out across whole screen -Tab order -Group similar data together Content: -Limit to amoun t of content on a page -Content on a page is cohesive -Content matches the published intentions of the site -Content is of sensible type and reading age for audience. (1 per -, max 2 per group, max 6) [6] 11 -The bit rate is a measure of the rate that data can be sent across the communication medium -Different communication media have different bit rates -For simple text/still pictures†¦a low bit rate connection is adequate -because volume of data per page is low and fixed -For (live) video/sound†¦bit rate needs to be high -because large volume of data which must be downloaded in real time because†¦ -information is time sensitive. 1 per -, max 4) [4] 12 (a) (i) -Custom written software is especially written/according to the requirements of the customer -Off the shelf is readily available/needs tailoring to the needs of the customer [2] (ii) -no delay as it is ready immediately -No shortage of experienced users/ready trained/No learning curve -Software should be error free -Help available through Internet/colleagues/courses -Compatible with other users/software (1 per -, max 2) (b) (i) -Check data input to ensure it matches source data -Typed in twice†¦ -by different people/at different times -inputs checked against each other for errors -manual check by comparing†¦ -screen output of input with original document. (1 for first -, + any 2 other -, max 3) (ii) -Check data input is sensible/follows set rules/are reasonable -Data type/should be numeric -Data format/should be in currency form/xxx. xx -Length check/input should be x characters -Presence check/something has been input. -Range check/value between 0 and some upper limit (1 for first -, + any 2 other -, max 3) [2] [3] [3]  © UCLES 2009 How to cite As Computing Mark Scheme, Papers

Crohns Disease

Question: Discuss about theCrohns Disease. Answer: Introduction: Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can involve any segment of the digestive tract of human starting from mouth to the anus. However, Crohn's disease most frequently occurred at distal third of the small intestine and colon. Crohns disease is mainly characterized by transmural inflammation (Baumgart, 2012; Hendy and Hart, 2013). Based on the location, Crohns disease can be classified as Crohn's ileitis, Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease and Jejunoileitis which affects ileum, stomach initial segment of the small intestine and jejunum respectively. Based on the presentation, Crohn's disease can be classified as stricturing, penetrating, and inflammatory, which produces narrowing of bowl, fistulae and inflammation respectively (Baumgart, 2012; Hendy and Hart, 2013). Crohns disease can be inherited and about 20 % of the people with Crohns disease can have immediate relation with Crohns disease patient. Crohns disease occur more in male as compared to the female. In most of the cases Crohns disease occur mainly in the third decade of life. Among children, there is more prevalence of Crohns disease as compared to the ulcerative colitis. On an average incidence of Crohns disease occurred at 8-10:100,000 people throughout the world. Approximately 0.4 % people in Australia develop Crohns disease. Crohns disease is more prevalent in developed countries as compared to the developing countries (Spehlmann et al., 2008). Symptoms of Crohns consist of abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, flatulence, growth failure in children, bloating weight loss and fever. Other than digestive tract it produces effects like anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, eye inflammation, ankylosing spondylitis and bowl cancer (Baumgart, 2012; Hendy and Hart, 2013). Diagnostic tests of Crohns composed of blood test like C-reactive protein and stool tests, X-rays of upper and lower digestive tract using Barium. Two types of endoscopy i.e. colonoscopy thorough annus and upper endoscopy through mouth can be performed. Biopsy can be performed for the pathological examination. Small intestinal imaging techniques like fluoroscopic x-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging scan can also be used (Pawlowski et al., 2009). Treatment and management of Crohns disease includes lifestyle changes like smoking cessation and nutrition therapy like enteral and parenteral nutrition. Medications include anti-inflammatory drugs as first step like 5-aminosalicylates and corticosteroids, immune system suppressants to target immune system and also to reduce inflammation like azathiprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, tacrolimus and cyclosporine. Agents like infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, natalizumab, vedolizumab and ustekinumab acting on cytokines and adhesion molecules of the immune system can also be used. Antibiotics like metronidazole and ciprofloxacin can be used along with other medicines to treat fistulas and abscesses. Other treatments for Crohns disease include anti-diarrheals, pain relievers, iron supplements, vitamin B-12, calcium and vitamin D. If above mentioned treatments dont improve symptoms, surgery is recommended in 50 % of total patients of Crohns disease (Pawlowski et al., 2009). Exact cause of Crohns disease is not known however, environmental factor like reactive oxygen species due to smoking, stress diet is mainly responsible for greater prevalence of Crohns disease. Other factors include like genetic factor such as NOD2 gene, deregulated immune system release of proinflammatory cytokines and microorganisms (Ng et al., 2012). In conclusion, prevalence of Cohns disease is increasing rapidly, early diagnosis is required and Cohns disease can be prevented dietary and lifestyle changes. Smoking cessation and exercise also helps to prevent Cohns disease. References: Baumgart, D.C. and Sandborn WJ. (2012). Crohns disease. Lancet, 380, 15901605. Hendy, P. and Hart, A. (2013). A review of crohns disease. European Medical Journal Gastroenterol, 1, 116-123. Ng, S.C., Woodrow, S., Patel, N., Subhani, J. and Harbord, M. (2012). Role of genetic and environmental factors in British twins with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 18, 72536. Pawlowski, S.W., Warren, C.A. and Guerrant, R. (2009). Diagnosis and treatment of acute or persistent diarrhea. Gastroenterology, 136, 187486. Spehlmann, M.E., Begun, A.Z., Burghardt, J., Lepage, P., Raedler, A. and Schreiber, S. (2008). Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in a German twin cohort: results of a nationwide study. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 14, 96876.